英语写作 lecture 2. diction - EST English.

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1、Lecture 2Linguistic feature diction(1)Goals: to get to know the types of EST/technical wordsto be clear about the formation of EST wordsto better comprehend the features of EST wordsEST clearness, conciseness, exactness 1. Types of EST words Functional words (功能词) Semi-technical words (次技术词) Technic

2、al words (技术词汇) I. Functional words They do not have notions of their own empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prep., conj., auxiliaries and articles belong to this cate

3、gory. In general/literary English and technical English, they are same in their meanings. Eg: Without air a living thing will die. We must test the device under operation condition. When do you come home? (we , must , the , under , without , will)II. Semi-technical words They are also the most commo

4、nly used words in Plain English and English for Special Purpose. Most of them are originated from Latin and Greek. Eg: mechanical (机械的) ,zenith (天顶) ,science (科学) ,technology (技术) ,project(工程). But some others are borrowed from common English, and have different meanings from those in LE. Eg: Die 死

5、模具 Trip 旅行 母线 Monitor 班长 监视器 Power 力量 功率 Support 支持 支架 Post 邮递 支柱 Revolution革命 转 Union 联合 活结头 Flash 闪耀, Macromedia 公司开发的动画编辑工具 However, some technology vocabulary is gradually evolved from an ordinary English vocabulary. Such technology is part of English vocabulary and often maintains close relatio

6、ns with the ordinary English vocabulary. Such a close relation is manifested mainly in three aspects: being similar to the external shape of objects, similar to functions, and similar to the relationship between objects and objects. 1. Similarity to the external shape of objects (物体外部形状相似) Eg: Wing

7、翅膀翅膀 机翼机翼 Leg 腿腿 支架支架 Eye 眼睛眼睛 孔，孔环，小眼孔，孔环，小眼 Horn 角，犄角角，犄角 操作杆操作杆 Tooth 牙，牙齿牙，牙齿 齿轮，锯齿齿轮，锯齿 Pin 大头针大头针 接线柱接线柱 Knee 膝盖膝盖 弯管弯管 Elbow 肘肘 弯头弯头 Crane 鹤鹤 起重机起重机 Snow 雪雪 雪花效应雪花效应 2. Similarity to functions (物体功能相似) Eg: 单词 普通词义 科技词义 Monkey (一蹦一跳的一蹦一跳的)猴猴 打桩锤打桩锤 Pecker 啄木鸟啄木鸟 穿孔器穿孔器 Library 图书馆图书馆 程序库程序库 An

8、swer 响应，回答响应，回答 回答讯号回答讯号3. Similarity to the relationship between objects (物体之间的关系相似). Eg: Baby: “婴儿” (LE), “微小的物体” (TE). Eg: baby car (微型汽车), baby carrier (轻型航空母舰), baby tower(小型蒸馏塔). Mother “母亲”(LE), “母体,主”(TE). Eg:mother machine (工作母机) ,mother rod (主(母) 连) ,motherboard(母板) . Daughter “女儿” (LE), “

9、子体” (TE). Eg: daughter board (子插件) , daughter neutron (派生中子) , daughter nucleus(子核) More differences in the use of vowels: Eg: sleep (睡觉) -asleep (睡着的), fire (点燃) - afire (燃烧着) More eg: awake, away, alive, aside. (here, in these common words, “a” says the former state ) However, in technical English

10、, the letter “a” plus a word means opposite to the original meaning. Eg:dynamic(动态的)-adynamic (非动态的), static (静止的) -astatic (非静止的), asymmetric (不对称的), amorphous（无定形的）, asynchronous（非同时的）. . Technical words In literary English, polysemy and synonym are quite common. For example, the words like “do, g

11、et, have, take” consist of several meaning in different context, and they also have a lot of synonyms. But in technical English, a word usually has a single meaning or a single interpretation. For example: phenanchrahydroquinone ( 菲尔粉) , diisocyanate (二异氰酸盐) , nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油) (But the specific