第三讲 威廉征服.

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1、第三讲 威廉征服 The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元诺曼征服（公元1066年）年）o 1Reasons for Williams invasion of England o after Edwards death. o It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, durin

2、g the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.o 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。2The Norman Conquest and its

3、 consequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响。oThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated(没收) almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi

4、th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connecti

5、on with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.o 1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离 3。The English Languageo English is a member of the Indo-European fami

6、ly of languages (印欧语系). English is in the Germanic group of this family.o The development of the English language can be divided into 3 three periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.Chapter 3：The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英国的形成（公元英国的形成（公元1066-1381）o 1. Williams Rule （1066-10

7、87）o 威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）o Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueroro 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度oUnder William, the feudal system in England was completely established. oAccording to this system, the King owned all the land personally. oWilliam gave his barons large estates in England in return

8、for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. oThese estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. oThe barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles,

9、 knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. oAt the bottom of the feudal scale were the serfs. oOne peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.o 在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立

10、。o 根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。o 威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。o 这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。o 已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。在封建等级底层的是农奴。o 英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。 2. King Henry II and his reformsoThe ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.o亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。o1) Henry II took