语言学教程课后答案定义归纳

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1、胡壮麟语言学教程（第三版）-课后习题单词定义归纳Chapter I Invitation to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:定义特征design feature:the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.功能function:the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express i

2、deas, attitudes or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal.共时的synchronic:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time.历时的diachronic:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.规定式prescriptive:to make authoritarian statement about th

3、e correctness of a particular use of language.描写式descriptive:to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.任意式arbitrariness:the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. 二层式duality:the struct

4、ural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters.移位式displacement:the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speakers immediate situation.寒暄phatic communion:said of talk used to establish atmosphere

5、or maintain social contact.元语言metalanguage:a language used for talking about language.宏观语言学macrolinguistics:a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.语言能力competence:unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.语言运用performance:the langu

6、age actually used by people in speaking or writing.语言langue:the language system shared by a speech community.言语parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.Chapter 2 Speech sounds1. Define the following terms:语音学phonetics:the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It ca

7、n be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.发音语音学articulatory phonetics:the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.音系学phonology:the study of the sound patterns and soun

8、d systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.发音器官speech organs:those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as vocal organs.带声器官voicing:the vibration of the

9、 vocal folds. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be voiced. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily , the sound produced is said to be voiceless.国际音标International Phonetic Alph

10、abet:a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart, designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and

11、updated in 1996.辅音consonant:a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.元音vowel:a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that