(中英翻译)评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效

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1、EvaluatingtheEcologicalEfficacyofLowImpactUrbanDesignandDevelopment评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效vanRoon,M.R.andS.MooreCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(UniversityofAuckland,LandcareResearch)ProceedingsSustainableEngineeringandScienceConference,Auckland,NZ,6-9July2004Abstract摘要Itisanticipatedthatimplementation

2、oflowimpacturbandesignanddevelopment(LIUDD)onacatchmentscalewillleadtoaquantumleapinecologicalimprovementinbothterrestrialandaquaticenvironments.OneoftheprimaryobjectivesinLIUDDistheachievementofhydrologicalneutrality,thatisanilorminimalchangeinthehydrologicregime.Thismightbemeasuredusingindicatorso

3、fwaterbodyfunctionalityandsustainability.Oneoftheanticipatedoutcomesofimprovedhydrologicalstabilitythroughoutandafterthedevelopmentprocessistheretentionofaquaticecosystemhealthandbiodiversity.Inaddition,theachievementofhydrologicalneutralitydemandsmuchhighercatchmentcoveragewithvegetationofhighbioma

4、ss,ensuringhighevapotranspirationrates.Thisisparticularlynecessaryinlocationswheresoilshavelimitedinfiltrationcapacity.Muchofthisvegetationislikelytobewithinriparianmarginswhereitcancontributetobothterrestrialandaquaticbiodiversityenhancementandimprovewaterquality.Thispaperexploresthetypeofresearchf

5、rameworkthatmightbedevelopedtomeasuretheseecologicalgains.Thiswouldincludethemonitoringoflowimpactdevelopmentstodeterminegainsinphysicochemicalconditionandbioticintegrityrelativetothatinconventionallydevelopedurbancatchments.可以预期的是，在流域层面上实施低影响城市设计和开发(LIUDD),将大大改善区域的水陆生态环境。LIUDD的主要目标之一是保持水文特征不变，最大限度的

6、减少对生态水文条件的改变。水文特征可以采用功能性和可持续性的水体指标来表征。提高水文稳定性的预期成果之一是在整个开发过程中和之后的阶段保持水生生态系统的健康与生物多样性。此外，保持流域水文特征不变还需要通过提高流域高生物量植被的覆盖率以确保比较高的蒸腾率来实现，这种方法尤其适用于土壤渗透能力有限的地区。选用的植被大部分属于河畔植物，该类植物能够提高水陆生物多样性和改善水质。本文探讨了经过开发可能用于衡量生态效益的研究框架类型。也包括对低影响开发的检测，以确定在物化条件和生物的完整性方面相对于传统开发的城市集水区的收益。1 Introduction1前言Achievementofsustaina

7、blecities,asintendedbytheNewZealandGovernmentprogrammeofactionforsustainabledevelopment(MfE2003),necessitatesavoidanceofthelevelofdegradationofreceivingwaterecosystemstypicalofpasturbanisation.Thisdegradationhasresultedfromchangesinhydrologicalregime,contaminantburdenandhabitatalteration,thathasacco

8、mpaniedconventionalurbanisation.为实现可持续发展，新西兰政府为可持续发展做的行动计划，有必要终止过去城市发展中使纳污水体水生态环境退化的一切行为。河流水文状况的改变、污染物负荷增加以及生物栖息地的破坏导致了这种退化的发生，并且它伴随了传统城市化发展的始终。Inordertoincreaseeconomic,ecologicalandsocialcomponentsofurbansustainabilitysimultaneously,managementofthetotalurbanwatercycleshouldbeintegratedintourbandes

9、ignanddevelopment(vanRoonandKnight2004;Lloydetal.2001).故为了提高城市经济发展、生态环境状况同时又促进其可持续发展，必须将城市水循环的管理纳入城市设计和发展的规划中。TheCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(CUES,apartnershipbetweenAucklandUniversityandLandcareResearch)ispursuingaresearchprogramme(Easonetal.2003)directedatmakingLowImpactUrbanDesignandDeve

10、lopment(LIUDD)mainstreaminNewZealand.Thefiveobjectivesoftheprogrammetargetstakeholderbuy-in,changingplansandpolicies,testingtechnologies,comparativecatchmentstudiesandeconomicefficiencies.城市生态系统可持续发展中心(CUES，由奥克兰大学和土地保护研究合作成立)正在从事一项研究项目，该项目旨在引领新西兰LIUDD发展的主流。该项目的五个任务分别是招商引资、改变相关方案和政策、测试相关技术、研究相似规模流域和带

11、来经济效益。LIUDDisderivedfromLowImpactDevelopment(LID),whichhasitsoriginsintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LIDisfocusedonalternativestormwatermanagementthatutilisesnaturaldrainagefeatures(Shaver2000)inthelandscaperatherthanpipedsystems.LIDisalternativelytermedWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(WSUD)inAustralia.LIUDD源自城市