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1、Describe grapevine vegetative morphology and its functionRange: buds, leaves, shoots, tendrils, permanent woodIdentify and describe factors affecting grapevine phenologyRange: environmental factors, hormonestcreagheit.ac.nzPlant growth RegulatorsHormones are substances synthesized by the plant to ac
2、t as messengersThey are produced at one site and generally transported in the xylem or phloem to another to induce a physiological reaction (eg growth)tcreagheit.ac.nzPlant growth Regulators They may also cause different effects in different parts of the grape vineThese reactions are complex and not
3、 always fully understoodVery small amounts of hormone are required to cause an actionThey may act either alone or interact with other hormonestcreagheit.ac.nzPlant growth Regulators There are five main groups of hormones in plantstcreagheit.ac.nzAuxinstcreagheit.ac.nzAuxinsSource of productionNew ve
4、getative growthYoung leavesSeedstcreagheit.ac.nzAuxinsActionsAttracts sugar and nutrients to site of productionStimulates cell growth in young tissueInhibits lateral budburst further down the shoot ie apical dominancePromotes growth towards lighttcreagheit.ac.nzGibberellinstcreagheit.ac.nzGibberelli
5、nsSource of productionYoung growing shoot and leavesRoot tipsActionsSuppresses flower bud initiation and fruitfulness in cool weather/poor lightPromotes growth and cell elongationExampleGA-3 is sprayed on seedless grapes to increase grape size and yield tcreagheit.ac.nzCytokininstcreagheit.ac.nzCyto
6、kininsSource of productionRoot tipsActionsPromotes cell multiplication in differentiating tissues at apicesAttracts auxin and gibberellin, sugars, nutrientsPromotes even budburstPromotes lateral branchingtcreagheit.ac.nzCytokininsPromotes development of leaves, fruit structures, fruit set with gibbe
7、rellins to balance fruitfulness of lateral budsDelays senescencePromotes berry as a sinkInvolved in anthocyanin and flavour formationtcreagheit.ac.nzAbscissic Acidtcreagheit.ac.nzAbscissic AcidSource of production Mature leavesSeeds, rootstcreagheit.ac.nzAbscissic AcidActionGenerally counteracts eff
8、ects of auxin, gibberellin and cytokininInduces stomatal closure in response to water stressReduces growth in response to water stress, cold and short daysPossibly promotes ripening as auxin production reduces in seedstcreagheit.ac.nzEthylenetcreagheit.ac.nzEthyleneSource of production Mature leaves
9、 and other parts of vineActionAffects many types of growth, not all of which are clearly definedPromotes ripening and berry colourPromotes abscission zone developmenttcreagheit.ac.nzPlant growth Regulators In general terms, auxins and gibberillins complement each other, promoting growthCytokinin ind
10、uces fruit and ripening when weather conditions and other factors are suitable for fruit to ripenAbsissic acid and ethylene promotes ripening and prepares the vine for dormancytcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nz Increase ResultAuxinLow light, temperature.Acts with gibberellins to promote growth. Gibber
11、ellinsIncreased by low light, low temperature.Elongates cells producing spindly shoots. CytokininIncreased by increased light, leaf exposure, warm root environment. Promotes growth and fruit ripening.Absissic acidIncreased by lack of water, cool weather, short days.Promotes fruit ripening as fruit b
12、ecomes a major sink if abscissic acid is greater than auxin. EthyleneIncreased by short days, drought, nitrogen deficiency. Artificial application. Physical contact, mechanical damage. Promotes abscission. Improve colour, reduce shoot growth. Reduced shoot growth, enhanced ripening. Some Practical I
13、mplications of Hormone Actions1Auxin is produced in the growing tips and travels downwardsTo prevent uneven budburst and end point principle, where the end bud bursts first, canes are arched during pruning to slow the movement of auxin along the caneSpur pruning is not subject to uneven budbursttcre
14、agheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions 2Removal of the growing tip will promote lateral growth, as the site of auxin inhibition of budburst is removedtcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions3Shaded shoots tend to grow long and spindly with long internodes un
15、til they reach light, where growth becomes normalBuds also tend to be less fruitful in shaded vines, due to the actions of gibberellintcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions4Berry size is related to the number of seeds (developed embryos) due partly to hormone production, incr
16、easing the berry as a sinktcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions5Warm, well drained soils during budbreak improve the evenness of budburst due in part to cytokinins produced from increased root growth promoted due to the warmer conditionstcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implica
17、tions of Hormone Actions 6FruitfulnessThe number of clusters is increased with warmer temperatures due to cytokinin productionWhereas in shaded or cool situations gibberellins tends to promote tendril formationtcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions 7As vegetative growth slows
18、 close to ripening, less auxin and gibberellins are producedLess auxin is produced as the seed ripens in stage 2tcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Implications of Hormone Actions Abscissic acid increases in proportion inducing veraison and the berry becomes a major sinktcreagheit.ac.nzSome Practical Imp
19、lications of Hormone Actions Cytokinin also increases, attracting sugar to the berry, abscissic acid and perhaps having an effect on berry colour and flavourContinuing ripening during cool climates may depend partially on warmer soil temperatures favouring cytokinin productiontcreagheit.ac.nzHormone
20、sandInitiationofInflorescencePrimordiaHormones are synthesized within the vine control the initiation and development of inflorescence primordia within the budThey do not act in isolationRelative proportions of determine what is formed tcreagheit.ac.nzHormonesandInitiationofInflorescencePrimordiaThe
21、 number size of inflorescences is the first indication of yield tcreagheit.ac.nzYieldcomponentsInflorescencesper shootNodesper vinePercentbud breakShootsper vineBunchesper vineFlorets perinflorescencePercentagefruit setBerryabscisionBerrynumberBerrysizeBunchweightYieldper vineVinesper hectareYieldtc
22、reagheit.ac.nzDefinitionsFecunditythe potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population FruitfulnessThe presence of inflorescence primordia in latent budsMean bunch number per shootThree step process:Formation of an uncommitted primordiumDevelopment into inflorescence primordiumFormation
23、of flowerstcreagheit.ac.nzBudstcreagheit.ac.nzBudsThe grapevine buds develop in the axil of the leaf and the shoot, that is, at the node.There are various types of grapevine buds:Prompt budCompound budLatent budtcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nzLateral or Prompt budThe lateral shoot arises from the la
24、teral or prompt budIt is formed between the primary or new seasons shoot and the leaf arising from it, that is, in the leaf axilIt may be also referred to as the true axillary budtcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nzLateral or Prompt budThe prompt bud can burst in the current season to produce short shoo
25、t known as the lateralHowever, lateral shoots will form only under certain conditionsVigorous vines or if topping occurs early in the seasontcreagheit.ac.nzLateral or Prompt budLateral shoots are generally unfruitful but bunches may grow on the lateral shootIf they do they are usually small and ripe
26、n after those carried on the primary shootThese bunches are referred to as second settcreagheit.ac.nzCompound Buds The compound bud is formed after the prompt bud and develops more slowly These buds also develop in the leaf axil at the node. It consists of three true buds tcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.
27、ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nzCompound BudsThe compound bud does not burst until the season after its developmentGenerally only the middle, or primary, bud bursts to develop the primary (main) shoot If this is damaged (wind, frost, etc) then the secondary or tertiary buds may burst However, these buds are ge
28、nerally less fruitful, that is they have fewer bunches per shoottcreagheit.ac.nzCompoundBudsThe number of potential bunches per bud, and therefore per shoot, are determined as the compound bud develops, that is, in the previous season before bud burst. Note that as the shoot develops, compound buds
29、are developing with the shoot development. Those at the base of the shoot will be more developed than those close to the apical tip.tcreagheit.ac.nzCompoundBudsEnvironmental factors during bud development influence the potential crop in 18 months timeA major influence is light interception at the bu
30、d and the temperature; increased light and temperature has been shown to result in greater fruitfulness.tcreagheit.ac.nzLatent budThese are buds that may be any type of bud that do not burst in the season that they are formedInstead they remain dormant and viable and at some later stage may burst. L
31、atent buds may take several seasons to burst, often as a result of vine damage or heavy pruningtcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nzCompoundbudtcreagheit.ac.nzCompound budLeaf scarLateral scarBudInitiationBuds undergo differentiationThat is, primordial structures within the bud change depending on plant
32、growth regulators that these structures receiveThe level of plant growth regulators that the bud receives is dependant on climatic conditions during differentiationtcreagheit.ac.nzBudInitiationDifferentiation coincides with floweringAnd the slowing down of vegetative growthVery sensitive to water st
33、resstcreagheit.ac.nzBudInitiationAnlagen is a primordia that can become InflorescencesRepeated branching TendrilsFew branchestcreagheit.ac.nzTheEffectofPlantGrowthRegulatorsGibberellinsEnhance initiation of anlagenEncourage tendril formation as opposed to inflorescence formationRecallPromote cell el
34、ongation soPossibly a mechanism to promote vegetative growth over reproductive?tcreagheit.ac.nzTheEffectofPlantGrowthRegulatorsCytokinninsEnhance initiation of anlagenEncourage inflorescence formation as opposed to tendril formationRecallPromote cell divisionProduced in warm conditionstcreagheit.ac.
35、nzTheEffectofPlantGrowthRegulatorsAuxinsDiscourage the initiation of anlagenRecallProduced by the roots in response to water stressThe process is very sensitive to water stresstcreagheit.ac.nztcreagheit.ac.nzIAOALavee, 1985tcreagheit.ac.nz(Swanepoel & Archer 1988)tcreagheit.ac.nz(Anlage)Mullins, 1992Uncommitted primordiumTendrilInflorescence
